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References and Resources

Core URL's

1) Blog URL
http://hoshiyuki91.blogspot.com/

2) WebSpace URL
http://www.student.city.ac.uk/~abgz109/site/

3) Javascript application URL
http://www.student.city.ac.uk/~abgz109/site/java.html

References and Resources

3.1. Introduction
MacFarlane, A. et al (2009) Lecture 01: Blogs. London: City University.

Blogger (accessed: 28th September 2009)
https://www.blogger.com/start

3.2 Text/HTML
Butterworth, R (2009) Lecture 02: Digital Representation and Organisation, Meta-Data/Markup. London: City University. (based on original work by Dykes, J.)

Binary file - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - (accessed: 5th October 2009)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_file

3.3 Internet/WWW
Butterworth, R (2009) Lecture 03: The Internet and the World Wide Web. London: City University. (based on original work by Dykes, J.)

3.4 Images & graphics
Butterworth, R (2009) Lecture 04: Graphical information. London: City University. (based on original work by Dykes, J.)

Google Images (accessed: 12th October 2009)
http://images.google.co.uk/

3.5 XML
Butterworth, R (2009) Lecture 05: XML -- The eXtensibe Mark-up Language. London: City University. (based on original work by Dykes, J.)

Boumphrey, F. and Harrison, M. (2000), XML for the Healthcare Executive.

3.6 CSS
Butterworth, R (2009) Lecture 06: The Document Object Model and the presentation and styling of information. London: City University. (based on original work by Dykes, J.)

A List Apart: Articles: Alternative Style: Working With Alternate Style Sheets (accessed: 3rd January 2010)
http://www.alistapart.com/articles/alternate/

3.7 Databases
Butterworth, R (2009) Lecture 07: Structuring and querying information stored in databases. London: City University. (based on original work by Krause, A.)

Deitel, P.J. and Deitel, H.M. (2009) Horton, Marcia J. et al. Internet & World Wide Web HOW TO PROGRAM FOURTH EDITION Person International Edition. Prentice Hall

3.8 Information retrieval
MacFarlane, A. et al (2009) Lecture 08: Information Retrieval. London: City University.

Bing (accessed: 23rd November 2009)
http://www.bing.com/

3.9 Client-side programming
Butterworth, R (2009) Lecture 09: A very gentle introduction to programming. London: City University. (based on original work by Dykes, J.)

JavaScript Tutorial - Webmonkey - (accessed: 30th November 2009)
http://www.webmonkey.com/tutorial/JavaScript_Tutorial_-_Lesson_1

JavaScript Tutorial – w3schools.com - (accessed: 30th November 2009)
http://www.w3schools.com/js/default.asp

Deitel, P.J. and Deitel, H.M. (2009) Horton, Marcia J. et al. Internet & World Wide Web HOW TO PROGRAM FOURTH EDITION Person International Edition. Prentice Hall

3.10 Information architectures
Butterworth, R (2009) Lecture 10: Information architecture. London: City University. (based on original work by Dykes, J.)

Rosenfeld, L. and Morville, P. (2007) Information Architecture for the World Wide Web (3rd Edition). O'Reilly Media.

Session10 Information Architectures

According to Rosenfeld and Morville (2007) a term ‘Information Architecture ‘can be defined in different ways such as ;

• The combination of organization, labeling, and navigation schemes within an information system.
• The structural design of an information space to facilitate task completion and intuitive access to content
• The art and science of structuring and classifying web sites and intranets to help people find and manage information
• An emerging discipline and community of practice focused on bringing principles of design and architecture to the digital landscape.

Information Architecture has significant role to play when constructing a website which serves a lot of contents and information effectively and efficiency. First of all, a team which develop the websites should include a wide range of individuals who with professional skills such as web developing, graphic design, content creation, programming, information architecture, and so on. Once the team is organized, the other important point is setting a goal. In other word, what information does the website want to serve and where does the website want to navigate your audience.

In order to navigate users effectively and successfully, content on a website should be well organized according to some schemes such as alphabetical, chronological, and geographical.

Personalization and customization are interactive features which provide users innovative experience by showing them a unique content depends on individuals.
Personalization provides content based on their previous behavior. Amazon. com is one example. Amazon shows items in which a user might be interested on his/her login page from a record of previous behavior. Customization allows users to arrange the appearance and information a website provide according to their preference. Both features require the login system and database.

Session9 Client side programming

There are lots of computer languages such as XML, HTML, CSS, MYSQL. And there are tow different types of programming which are client side programming and server side programming. Programming is based on the finite rules, however the combination of these fundamental allows users to construct more complex program.
There are many server-side technologies such as JavaScript, JavaApplets, Flash, VRML and SVG. Information from server is processed by browser.
There are seven basic key concepts for almost all programming languages.

1. Variables
Variable is a function which can store and replace a piece of information according to the process in which the programming language run. In order to explain the concept of variables, buckets are often taken as an example. A bucket can store only one type of information. For instance, a bucket has numerical information or a bucket has text.

2. Input and output
Being able to control the content and construction of the HTML is one of the strong points JavaScript has. Regarding input, the simplest way is to respond what user has done. For example, attribute “onclick” react when user click an area where designed by programming code.

3. Array
Array is a series of variables which is ordered by numbers in square brackets and creates liner information as output.

4. Sequence
Sequence is an order of events which is designated by programming code. For example, if calculate an area of circle, we need to set the radius and pi in advance.

5. Selection
Selection is a function which allows users to switch some parts of the structure of the programming code only under certain circumstance. Selection is executed by using ‘if then’ or ‘if then else’ statement.

6. Iteration
Iteration is a function to occur an event repeatedly. ‘While’ statement is used to implement this function.

7. Functions
Functions are called in different names depends on the programming languages. It is not built-in command and users can set up their own command by defining functions.

Session8 Information Retrieval

Defining Information Retrieval (IR)
Information-searching activity is one of the fundamental aspects of our modern lives. The Internet allows us to enrich knowledge by accessing online resources such as text documents, images, sound and video files and geographic information.
There are 3 different points of view for information retrieval (IR). The first one is a view from users. Users search information in order to enrich their inadequate knowledge. Another perspective is from system. The IR system allows us to store, manipulate and retrieve information. The last one is a view from sources which is related to presentation of information.

Indexing
In order to let users to find what they are interested in effectively, indexing is very important. To achieve this, there are several steps. The first process is identifying fields such as Title and Author. Once it has been done, users can narrow their search according to their criteria. The second step is identifying words. In this step, words are split up by spaces. The third step is stemming in which suffixes are eliminated. For example cook, cooking, cooked and cooks are combined to cook. In addition to this, extra step is synonym which is a term with almost same meaning as another term.

Search Models
Users can achieve documents they are interested in by using search engine which is based on a retrieval mechanism. Boolean is a dominant logic behind the retrieval mechanism. The combination of three operators which are AND, OR, and NOT allows users to narrow the search get relevant resources effectively. The following are examples

• swimming AND running: result includes documents contain both swimming and running.
• swimming OR running: result includes documents contain both swimming and runninge or one of them.
• swimming NOT running: result includes documents contain swimming and not contain running.

Session7 Databases

Database management system (DBMS)
A database management system provides users the access to a database in order to organize, store, retrieve and change an integrated data collection. Relational database system has become a prominent database management system in these days. SQL is a language used to manage data in relational databases. There are some relational database management systems such as Oracle, Microsoft SQL, Server, PostgreSQL and MySQL.
Database management system has some advantages. One of them is centralization which can avoid unnecessary duplication and establish a comprehensive collection of data which can be shared by individual users. In addition to this, security is another strong point of database management system as data can be controlled and protected appropriately by database administrator.

Relational database
A relational database logically represents the data stored in a database by using 2-dimentional table which contain rows and columns.
A figure below demonstrates an example.



The Number column is defined as the primary key in the table and values in the column is used to identify a row uniquely from others. Therefore, two same numbers (primary keys) can not be exist in the Number column.
Furthermore, information stored in relational databases can be stored separately in multiple tables which are connected by foreign keys each other.

SQL
SQL is a most common database managing language. Typing command in the command line is the way you interact with a database management system.
Query
Querying and getting only specific pieces of the data out of a table is main feature of SQL. SQL queries can be done by using several important commands such as SELECT, FROM and WHERE. SELECT command and FROM command can be used to select field(s) and table(s) which users are interested in respectively. WHERE command allows users to filter the data according to certain criteria.

Session6 CSS

Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) was developed in order to add styling information to web pages. Until CSS had been developed, appearance of web pages are mainly controlled by table tags. However table tag is basically designed to demonstrate tables itself and spreadsheets so that it can be said that it is inappropriate way to control visual presentations.


CSS allows users to control the form and positions of fonts, colours, spacing and visual images in HTML document. One of the significant advantages of using Style Sheets is that a number of documents which contents are controlled by a single CSS document can be modified at the same time. This is an effective and efficient solution when manage a web site which consists of a series of pages. In order to apply Style Sheet to HTML documents, we need to reference the location of .CSS file between head tags in HTML document.

Basically, CSS consists of two main parts, which are Selectors and Declarations, which can be separated to Properties and Values. By specifying them, users can control presentation of web pages any how they want. For example:
P { color:#FF0000 }
This makes color of a text in paragraph tags red. In addition to this CSS has additional features which are Class and ID. Both of them allow users to add original values to specific part of the content in HTML document.

Block elements and Inline elements are important concept as well. Paragraphs and headings are considered as block elements whereas text itself is defined as inline elements. While block elements can contain other block elements and inline elements, inline elements can’t contain any other elements.

Although CSS is useful and effective to display contents, it can be said that it requires experience and professional knowledge to use as there are some problems such as margin collapse and interpretation is depends on each browsers.

This is a example of 3 different CSSs adopted to a HTML code in my web space.

JavaScript programming called CSS switcher is used to demonstrate 3 different CSSs.

Session5 XML

About XML
Mark-up is additional information that allows users to attach particular meaning to text in a document. In order to identify exactly how the mark-up is interpreted, there are different types of mark-up languages. One of them is the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) which is designed to define meaning by using angle brackets ‘<>’. SGML requires a lot of effort to adopt, whereas XML (extensible Markup Language) is much more easy to introduce.
XML includes a series of tags comprising of ‘Elements’ and ‘Attributes’. Anchor tag ‘’ is one example.In this case, ‘’ is element and ‘href’ is attribute and attribute has its own value ‘http://www.city.ac.uk/’.

XML must be ‘Well-formed’ and ‘Valid’
XML has 2 requirements that must be met. These are well-formed and valid. First, in order to be well-formed XML document, there are some criteria that need to be met. Fore example all tags must be closed, organized hierarchically and derived from a single root element. Secondly, XML document must be structured according to declaration which is commonly set out in ‘Document Type Definition’ (DTD)

XML in Healthcare industry
XML plays an important role in Healthcare industry as there are needs to store and share huge amount of various kinds of data. Boumphrey and Harrison (2000) say that:

XML has taken the business world by storm, and has revolutionized their document management strategies. Although it is just beginning to appear on the radar screens of most health care executives, it is likely that it will have a similar effect on the healthcare industry.

Unlike HTML, one of the most significant aspects XML document has is that it offers us the information of content itself.

Session4 Images and Graphics

Raster and Vector
Computers have two different ways to represent graphic information such as photographs, diagrams, illustrations, maps and charts.
The first one is raster which is grid based information. Information is stored in a sequence of square pixels. The other one is vector data which store and manipulate information defined with a series of point and boundaries. In both ways, geometric information is stored and manipulated numerically. One of the most important differences between raster information and vector information is that vector images never become blocky when they are zoomed and raster images may appear blocky as they are zoomed.

Raster geometry is represented by binary data which consist of two parts. The first part represent width and height of the raster image and the flowing part defines presence or absence of colors for each cells ( In the simple two color raster ). For example, 001001100010001 represent a figure below.


The first part of 001 001, means 3(width) by 3(height) and flowing 9 binary digits 100010001 demonstrate shape on the 3-by-3 raster geometry.
In order to manipulate more colorful data, there are two systems to represent colors. The RGB color system uses three basic colors which are red, green, blue. This is called additive model and used in TV and computer monitor. Cyan, magenta and yellow are used in the CMYK color system( K means black ). This is called subtractive model and used by print media.

Color data represented by using binary
Computers interpret color information by using binary data based on RGB color system. Different colors are represented by six figures. The first two figures represent the amount of red, the second pair of figures represent the amount of green and the last two figures represent the amount of blue. For instance, red is represented #FF0000. Orange which consist of a lot of red, some green and a few blue is represented #FF6633.

Session3 Internet/WWW

The Internet and World Wide Web
The Internet has revolutionized many aspects of our daily lives. It has changed the way we communicate and gain information.
The Internet is an infrastructure that has developed in 1960’s by American military as an electronic communication technology. By using the Internet, We can share information, data, knowledge and files. A network that connect individual computers in same environment and allows them to share resources is called Local Area Network or LAN. Connection between LANs create wider network and this is know as WAN. The Internet is a world wide network which is organized by these local or wide area networks.
World Wide Web is one of the services which is available over the Internet. While it has developed in 1990’s as a service that allows people in academia, it has become more common and widely used among ordinary people as it allows them to exchange many kinds of data.

Server computer and Client computer
There are two types of computers; one is server computers which are high powered computers. They receive and process request from client computers. Other one is client computers which send request and receive result. Server computer is run by a program called HTTP deamon which enable them to process requests that have been made by client machines and send information to them. Client computers use web browsers such as FireFox and Internet explore to send request to server computers.

HTML
Hypertext Mark-up Language or HTML is a set of special tags that allows users to identify the structure of web pages.　The important point is that HTML is designed to control only structure (and the presentation of a web page is controlled by CSS). From this point of view, some tags such as em, hr and br might not be eligible to be used as HTML tag.

activity in practical lab
I set up a web site on my student home page at City

Session2 Text/HTML

Bits, bytes and binary
When we count and calculate the number by using ten digits which include 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 to express quantity of the number. This is called the base 10 number system. We can interpret the combination of digits such as 27 or 365 or 2009 and can understand which combination is smaller and which is greater. However, there is no reason why the base ten number system is adopted in the way human count. Possibly it can be said that because humans have 10 fingers. Unlike humans, computers use the base two number system which has only two symbols, 0 or 1 to store data. Computers process and manage information by using the base two system. This is called binary system. Computers use a series of digits to interpret and transmit digital information and each of these digits is known as bits (binary digit). Two bits, for instance, it can express four different quantities; 00, 01, 10, 11 meaning 0, 1, 2, 3 respectively. 8 bits are especially known as bytes which can represent 256 different values. In addition to numeric data, computers can store and manage textual information by using alphabetical coding scheme called ASCII (the American Standard Code for Information Interchange and pronounced as-key). ASCII is used to interpret English alphabet letters (A-Z, a-z), numbers (0123456789) and other characters such as, !, @, $, %, &, which are commonly appear in keyboard of our computer.

Meta data and Mark-up
Data about data is called meta data. For example, additional context about main contents of document such as author’s detail, year and journal are represented as meta data. Meta data is added by using mark-up code which is tag with angle brackets.

Session1 Introduction

Brief description of my blog
This blog is created as a part of my course work in a module called Digital Information Technologies and Architecture in my postgraduate degree at City University.

About the Blog
Weblog was originally designed as an online service which enables users to create daily articles to show diary and interests. However, it has become an important source of information as it has interactive features such as blogroll, comment and parmalink. These features make the blog collaborative media and help users to develop their knowledge efficiently. In addition, timeliness of this interactive media plays an important role in keeping up with latest trend and technologes especially for professionals. Along with other innovative web sites such as wikipedia, social networking sites and video sharing sites, it is known as one of Web 2.0 website.

Submission process
Obviously it is very easy to generate a blog with Blogger and other hosted services and also, they insist that how easy to create blog. It seems that ease of submitting process is one of the important factors how many bloggers they can gain.
For example, Blogger’s process includes only 3 steps ;
1. Create account
2. Name blog
3. Choose template
Blogger allows new users to use their google account as Blogger account and it makes creating process more smoothly. My process took only 5 minutes.